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Does how you use AI matter?
Students examine research comparing different approaches to using AI for learning. Before seeing the results, they predict which students performed better, then compare those approaches with their own habits.
What types of AI use help my learning—and what types can get in the way?
Source: Bastani et al., PNAS (2025), Table 1. A high-school mathematics study in Turkey. The 42/65/28 figures are rounded reconstructions from the control mean plus estimated treatment effects—not raw group averages or learning gains. “ChatGPT” represents the study’s GPT Base; “AI tutor” its teacher-informed GPT Tutor; “books” includes course notes. Exams were unassisted. Speech bubbles are illustrative, not quotations.








